From 6cb9566118c274d8511f0df5acf0035acce731fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Peter <sharkdp@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 5 Oct 2026 09:47:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1/4] Unify timer and executor measurement results

---
 src/benchmark/executor.rs                     | 59 +++++++------------
 .../{timing_result.rs => measurement.rs}      |  9 ++-
 src/benchmark/mod.rs                          | 27 ++++-----
 src/timer/mod.rs                              | 19 ++----
 4 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)
 rename src/benchmark/{timing_result.rs => measurement.rs} (62%)

diff --git a/src/benchmark/executor.rs b/src/benchmark/executor.rs
index 915b735..b2d7974 100644
--- a/src/benchmark/executor.rs
+++ b/src/benchmark/executor.rs
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ use crate::options::{
     CmdFailureAction, CommandInputPolicy, CommandOutputPolicy, Options, OutputStyleOption, Shell,
 };
 use crate::output::progress_bar::get_progress_bar;
-use crate::timer::{execute_and_measure, TimerResult};
+use crate::timer::execute_and_measure;
 use crate::util::randomized_environment_offset;
 use crate::util::units::Second;
 
-use super::timing_result::TimingResult;
+use super::measurement::Measurement;
 
 use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
 use statistical::mean;
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub trait Executor {
         iteration: BenchmarkIteration,
         command_failure_action: Option<CmdFailureAction>,
         output_policy: &CommandOutputPolicy,
-    ) -> Result<(TimingResult, ExitStatus)>;
+    ) -> Result<Measurement>;
 
     /// Perform a calibration of this executor. For example,
     /// when running commands through a shell, we need to
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn run_command_and_measure_common(
     command_input_policy: &CommandInputPolicy,
     command_output_policy: &CommandOutputPolicy,
     command_name: &str,
-) -> Result<TimerResult> {
+) -> Result<Measurement> {
     let stdin = command_input_policy.get_stdin()?;
     let (stdout, stderr) = command_output_policy.get_stdout_stderr()?;
     command.stdin(stdin).stdout(stdout).stderr(stderr);
@@ -136,25 +136,15 @@ impl Executor for RawExecutor<'_> {
         iteration: BenchmarkIteration,
         command_failure_action: Option<CmdFailureAction>,
         output_policy: &CommandOutputPolicy,
-    ) -> Result<(TimingResult, ExitStatus)> {
-        let result = run_command_and_measure_common(
+    ) -> Result<Measurement> {
+        run_command_and_measure_common(
             command.get_command()?,
             iteration,
             command_failure_action.unwrap_or_else(|| self.options.command_failure_action.clone()),
             &self.options.command_input_policy,
             output_policy,
             &command.get_command_line(),
-        )?;
-
-        Ok((
-            TimingResult {
-                time_real: result.time_real,
-                time_user: result.time_user,
-                time_system: result.time_system,
-                memory_usage_byte: result.memory_usage_byte,
-            },
-            result.status,
-        ))
+        )
     }
 
     fn calibrate(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
@@ -169,7 +159,7 @@ impl Executor for RawExecutor<'_> {
 pub struct ShellExecutor<'a> {
     options: &'a Options,
     shell: &'a Shell,
-    shell_spawning_time: Option<TimingResult>,
+    shell_spawning_time: Option<Measurement>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> ShellExecutor<'a> {
@@ -189,7 +179,7 @@ impl Executor for ShellExecutor<'_> {
         iteration: BenchmarkIteration,
         command_failure_action: Option<CmdFailureAction>,
         output_policy: &CommandOutputPolicy,
-    ) -> Result<(TimingResult, ExitStatus)> {
+    ) -> Result<Measurement> {
         let on_windows_cmd = cfg!(windows) && *self.shell == Shell::Default("cmd.exe");
         let mut command_builder = self.shell.command();
         command_builder.arg(if on_windows_cmd { "/C" } else { "-c" });
@@ -218,15 +208,7 @@ impl Executor for ShellExecutor<'_> {
             result.time_system = (result.time_system - spawning_time.time_system).max(0.0);
         }
 
-        Ok((
-            TimingResult {
-                time_real: result.time_real,
-                time_user: result.time_user,
-                time_system: result.time_system,
-                memory_usage_byte: result.memory_usage_byte,
-            },
-            result.status,
-        ))
+        Ok(result)
     }
 
     /// Measure the average shell spawning time
@@ -268,7 +250,7 @@ impl Executor for ShellExecutor<'_> {
                         shell_cmd
                     );
                 }
-                Ok((r, _)) => {
+                Ok(r) => {
                     times_real.push(r.time_real);
                     times_user.push(r.time_user);
                     times_system.push(r.time_system);
@@ -284,11 +266,12 @@ impl Executor for ShellExecutor<'_> {
             bar.finish_and_clear()
         }
 
-        self.shell_spawning_time = Some(TimingResult {
+        self.shell_spawning_time = Some(Measurement {
             time_real: mean(&times_real),
             time_user: mean(&times_user),
             time_system: mean(&times_system),
             memory_usage_byte: 0,
+            status: ExitStatus::default(),
         });
 
         Ok(())
@@ -326,7 +309,7 @@ impl Executor for MockExecutor {
         _iteration: BenchmarkIteration,
         _command_failure_action: Option<CmdFailureAction>,
         _output_policy: &CommandOutputPolicy,
-    ) -> Result<(TimingResult, ExitStatus)> {
+    ) -> Result<Measurement> {
         #[cfg(unix)]
         let status = {
             use std::os::unix::process::ExitStatusExt;
@@ -339,15 +322,13 @@ impl Executor for MockExecutor {
             ExitStatus::from_raw(0)
         };
 
-        Ok((
-            TimingResult {
-                time_real: Self::extract_time(command.get_command_line()),
-                time_user: 0.0,
-                time_system: 0.0,
-                memory_usage_byte: 0,
-            },
+        Ok(Measurement {
+            time_real: Self::extract_time(command.get_command_line()),
+            time_user: 0.0,
+            time_system: 0.0,
+            memory_usage_byte: 0,
             status,
-        ))
+        })
     }
 
     fn calibrate(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
diff --git a/src/benchmark/timing_result.rs b/src/benchmark/measurement.rs
similarity index 62%
rename from src/benchmark/timing_result.rs
rename to src/benchmark/measurement.rs
index f7aac92..d724146 100644
--- a/src/benchmark/timing_result.rs
+++ b/src/benchmark/measurement.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
+use std::process::ExitStatus;
+
 use crate::util::units::Second;
 
-/// Results from timing a single command
+/// Performance measurements and exit status from running a single command
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct TimingResult {
+pub struct Measurement {
     /// Wall clock time
     pub time_real: Second,
 
@@ -14,4 +16,7 @@ pub struct TimingResult {
 
     /// Maximum amount of memory used, in bytes
     pub memory_usage_byte: u64,
+
+    /// The exit status of the process
+    pub status: ExitStatus,
 }
diff --git a/src/benchmark/mod.rs b/src/benchmark/mod.rs
index b6c615d..0bf0673 100644
--- a/src/benchmark/mod.rs
+++ b/src/benchmark/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 pub mod benchmark_result;
 pub mod executor;
+pub mod measurement;
 pub mod relative_speed;
 pub mod scheduler;
-pub mod timing_result;
 
 use std::cmp;
 use std::io::{self, Write};
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use crate::util::exit_code::extract_exit_code;
 use crate::util::min_max::{max, min};
 use crate::util::units::Second;
 use benchmark_result::BenchmarkResult;
-use timing_result::TimingResult;
+use measurement::Measurement;
 
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
 use colored::*;
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ impl<'a> Benchmark<'a> {
         command: &Command<'_>,
         error_output: &'static str,
         output_policy: &CommandOutputPolicy,
-    ) -> Result<TimingResult> {
+    ) -> Result<Measurement> {
         self.executor
             .run_command_and_measure(
                 command,
@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ impl<'a> Benchmark<'a> {
                 Some(CmdFailureAction::RaiseError),
                 output_policy,
             )
-            .map(|r| r.0)
             .map_err(|_| anyhow!(error_output))
     }
 
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ impl<'a> Benchmark<'a> {
         &self,
         parameters: impl IntoIterator<Item = ParameterNameAndValue<'a>>,
         output_policy: &CommandOutputPolicy,
-    ) -> Result<TimingResult> {
+    ) -> Result<Measurement> {
         let command = self
             .options
             .setup_command
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ impl<'a> Benchmark<'a> {
         &self,
         parameters: impl IntoIterator<Item = ParameterNameAndValue<'a>>,
         output_policy: &CommandOutputPolicy,
-    ) -> Result<TimingResult> {
+    ) -> Result<Measurement> {
         let command = self
             .options
             .cleanup_command
@@ -120,7 +119,7 @@ impl<'a> Benchmark<'a> {
         &self,
         command: &Command<'_>,
         output_policy: &CommandOutputPolicy,
-    ) -> Result<TimingResult> {
+    ) -> Result<Measurement> {
         let error_output = "The preparation command terminated with a non-zero exit code. \
                             Append ' || true' to the command if you are sure that this can be ignored.";
 
@@ -132,7 +131,7 @@ impl<'a> Benchmark<'a> {
         &self,
         command: &Command<'_>,
         output_policy: &CommandOutputPolicy,
-    ) -> Result<TimingResult> {
+    ) -> Result<Measurement> {
         let error_output = "The conclusion command terminated with a non-zero exit code. \
                             Append ' || true' to the command if you are sure that this can be ignored.";
 
@@ -247,13 +246,13 @@ impl<'a> Benchmark<'a> {
             preparation_result.map_or(0.0, |res| res.time_real + self.executor.time_overhead());
 
         // Initial timing run
-        let (res, status) = self.executor.run_command_and_measure(
+        let res = self.executor.run_command_and_measure(
             self.command,
             BenchmarkIteration::Benchmark(0),
             None,
             output_policy,
         )?;
-        let success = status.success();
+        let success = res.status.success();
 
         let conclusion_result = run_conclusion_command()?;
         let conclusion_overhead =
@@ -284,7 +283,7 @@ impl<'a> Benchmark<'a> {
         times_user.push(res.time_user);
         times_system.push(res.time_system);
         memory_usage_byte.push(res.memory_usage_byte);
-        exit_codes.push(extract_exit_code(status));
+        exit_codes.push(extract_exit_code(res.status));
 
         all_succeeded = all_succeeded && success;
 
@@ -309,19 +308,19 @@ impl<'a> Benchmark<'a> {
                 bar.set_message(msg.to_owned())
             }
 
-            let (res, status) = self.executor.run_command_and_measure(
+            let res = self.executor.run_command_and_measure(
                 self.command,
                 BenchmarkIteration::Benchmark(i + 1),
                 None,
                 output_policy,
             )?;
-            let success = status.success();
+            let success = res.status.success();
 
             times_real.push(res.time_real);
             times_user.push(res.time_user);
             times_system.push(res.time_system);
             memory_usage_byte.push(res.memory_usage_byte);
-            exit_codes.push(extract_exit_code(status));
+            exit_codes.push(extract_exit_code(res.status));
 
             all_succeeded = all_succeeded && success;
 
diff --git a/src/timer/mod.rs b/src/timer/mod.rs
index b2cd265..35fa7fc 100644
--- a/src/timer/mod.rs
+++ b/src/timer/mod.rs
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ use std::os::fd::AsFd;
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::CREATE_SUSPENDED;
 
-use crate::util::units::Second;
+use crate::benchmark::measurement::Measurement;
 use wall_clock_timer::WallClockTimer;
 
 use std::io::Read;
-use std::process::{ChildStdout, Command, ExitStatus};
+use std::process::{ChildStdout, Command};
 
 use anyhow::Result;
 
@@ -37,17 +37,6 @@ struct CPUTimes {
     pub memory_usage_byte: u64,
 }
 
-/// Used to indicate the result of running a command
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-pub struct TimerResult {
-    pub time_real: Second,
-    pub time_user: Second,
-    pub time_system: Second,
-    pub memory_usage_byte: u64,
-    /// The exit status of the process
-    pub status: ExitStatus,
-}
-
 /// Discard the output of a child process.
 fn discard(output: ChildStdout) {
     const CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 64 << 10;
@@ -80,7 +69,7 @@ fn discard(output: ChildStdout) {
 }
 
 /// Execute the given command and return a timing summary
-pub fn execute_and_measure(mut command: Command) -> Result<TimerResult> {
+pub fn execute_and_measure(mut command: Command) -> Result<Measurement> {
     #[cfg(not(windows))]
     let cpu_timer = self::unix_timer::CPUTimer::start();
 
@@ -111,7 +100,7 @@ pub fn execute_and_measure(mut command: Command) -> Result<TimerResult> {
     let time_real = wallclock_timer.stop();
     let (time_user, time_system, memory_usage_byte) = cpu_timer.stop();
 
-    Ok(TimerResult {
+    Ok(Measurement {
         time_real,
         time_user,
         time_system,

From 1fb03c3807b2aba92dba06dd2e792afab5f71a5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Peter <sharkdp@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 5 Oct 2026 09:47:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2/4] Replace statistical with local floating-point helpers

---
 Cargo.lock                | 250 +-------------------------------------
 Cargo.toml                |   1 -
 src/benchmark/executor.rs |   2 +-
 src/benchmark/mod.rs      |   4 +-
 src/outlier_detection.rs  |   2 +-
 src/util/mod.rs           |   1 +
 src/util/statistics.rs    | 127 +++++++++++++++++++
 7 files changed, 135 insertions(+), 252 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/util/statistics.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index b5cca2e..1c41fac 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -97,27 +97,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "wait-timeout",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "autocfg"
-version = "0.1.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0dde43e75fd43e8a1bf86103336bc699aa8d17ad1be60c76c0bdfd4828e19b78"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg 1.5.1",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
 version = "1.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f2032f911046de80f0a198e0901378627c33f59ea0ac00e363d481118bd70a53"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bitflags"
-version = "1.3.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
 version = "2.13.2"
@@ -231,15 +216,6 @@ version = "1.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1c133bc6a41be0d194c306b5506d15e6feeea7b1d6604bd3f8310dfb2ca96486"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cloudabi"
-version = "0.0.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ddfc5b9aa5d4507acaf872de71051dfd0e309860e88966e1051e462a077aac4f"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "colorchoice"
 version = "1.0.5"
@@ -352,12 +328,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "fuchsia-cprng"
-version = "0.1.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a06f77d526c1a601b7c4cdd98f54b5eaabffc14d5f2f0296febdc7f357c6d3ba"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "getrandom"
 version = "0.2.17"
@@ -421,7 +391,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "shell-words",
- "statistical",
  "tempfile",
  "thiserror",
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
@@ -508,7 +477,7 @@ version = "0.31.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "cf20d2fde8ff38632c426f1165ed7436270b44f199fc55284c38276f9db47c3d"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.13.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "cfg-if",
  "cfg_aliases",
  "libc",
@@ -520,79 +489,13 @@ version = "0.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "61807f77802ff30975e01f4f071c8ba10c022052f98b3294119f3e615d13e5be"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "num"
-version = "0.2.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b8536030f9fea7127f841b45bb6243b27255787fb4eb83958aa1ef9d2fdc0c36"
-dependencies = [
- "num-bigint",
- "num-complex",
- "num-integer",
- "num-iter",
- "num-rational",
- "num-traits",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "num-bigint"
-version = "0.2.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "090c7f9998ee0ff65aa5b723e4009f7b217707f1fb5ea551329cc4d6231fb304"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg 1.5.1",
- "num-integer",
- "num-traits",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "num-complex"
-version = "0.2.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b6b19411a9719e753aff12e5187b74d60d3dc449ec3f4dc21e3989c3f554bc95"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg 1.5.1",
- "num-traits",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "num-integer"
-version = "0.1.47"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7ce2d95d4b3734dc35aa2f45e1aa22cd416814592a4f9d9205e11affd5b8e10b"
-dependencies = [
- "num-traits",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "num-iter"
-version = "0.1.46"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c92800bd69a1eac91786bcfe9da64a897eb72911b8dc3095decbd07429e8048b"
-dependencies = [
- "num-integer",
- "num-traits",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "num-rational"
-version = "0.2.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5c000134b5dbf44adc5cb772486d335293351644b801551abe8f75c84cfa4aef"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg 1.5.1",
- "num-bigint",
- "num-integer",
- "num-traits",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "num-traits"
 version = "0.2.19"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "071dfc062690e90b734c0b2273ce72ad0ffa95f0c74596bc250dcfd960262841"
 dependencies = [
- "autocfg 1.5.1",
+ "autocfg",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -697,25 +600,6 @@ version = "6.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f8dcc9c7d52a811697d2151c701e0d08956f92b0e24136cf4cf27b57a6a0d9bf"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rand"
-version = "0.6.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6d71dacdc3c88c1fde3885a3be3fbab9f35724e6ce99467f7d9c5026132184ca"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg 0.1.8",
- "libc",
- "rand_chacha 0.1.1",
- "rand_core 0.4.3",
- "rand_hc",
- "rand_isaac",
- "rand_jitter",
- "rand_os",
- "rand_pcg",
- "rand_xorshift",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rand"
 version = "0.8.8"
@@ -748,16 +632,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "rand_core 0.10.1",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rand_chacha"
-version = "0.1.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "556d3a1ca6600bfcbab7c7c91ccb085ac7fbbcd70e008a98742e7847f4f7bcef"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg 0.1.8",
- "rand_core 0.3.2",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rand_chacha"
 version = "0.3.1"
@@ -778,21 +652,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "rand_core 0.9.5",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rand_core"
-version = "0.3.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "96f815e01bbd9678b50d927f79aa1cf3ffdfdb1b9787317c1284dadb894ad0e8"
-dependencies = [
- "rand_core 0.4.3",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rand_core"
-version = "0.4.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0e5937858e6fd18cd595d558f90bb5de3b72ae23f9e3763af0e805949b04ef60"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rand_core"
 version = "0.6.4"
@@ -817,77 +676,6 @@ version = "0.10.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "63b8176103e19a2643978565ca18b50549f6101881c443590420e4dc998a3c69"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rand_hc"
-version = "0.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7b40677c7be09ae76218dc623efbf7b18e34bced3f38883af07bb75630a21bc4"
-dependencies = [
- "rand_core 0.3.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rand_isaac"
-version = "0.1.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ded997c9d5f13925be2a6fd7e66bf1872597f759fd9dd93513dd7e92e5a5ee08"
-dependencies = [
- "rand_core 0.3.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rand_jitter"
-version = "0.1.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1166d5c91dc97b88d1decc3285bb0a99ed84b05cfd0bc2341bdf2d43fc41e39b"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
- "rand_core 0.4.3",
- "winapi",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rand_os"
-version = "0.1.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7b75f676a1e053fc562eafbb47838d67c84801e38fc1ba459e8f180deabd5071"
-dependencies = [
- "cloudabi",
- "fuchsia-cprng",
- "libc",
- "rand_core 0.4.3",
- "rdrand",
- "winapi",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rand_pcg"
-version = "0.1.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "abf9b09b01790cfe0364f52bf32995ea3c39f4d2dd011eac241d2914146d0b44"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg 0.1.8",
- "rand_core 0.4.3",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rand_xorshift"
-version = "0.1.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cbf7e9e623549b0e21f6e97cf8ecf247c1a8fd2e8a992ae265314300b2455d5c"
-dependencies = [
- "rand_core 0.3.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rdrand"
-version = "0.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "678054eb77286b51581ba43620cc911abf02758c91f93f479767aed0f90458b2"
-dependencies = [
- "rand_core 0.3.2",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "regex"
 version = "1.13.1"
@@ -940,7 +728,7 @@ version = "1.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "891efababe418670775f199f0d233d84843c227a0949a883ce15b37c78d6629d"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.13.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "errno",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys",
@@ -1014,16 +802,6 @@ version = "2.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bbbb5d9659141646ae647b42fe094daf6c6192d1620870b449d9557f748b2daa"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "statistical"
-version = "1.0.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "49d57902bb128e5e38b5218d3681215ae3e322d99f65d5420e9849730d2ea372"
-dependencies = [
- "num",
- "rand 0.6.5",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "strsim"
 version = "0.11.1"
@@ -1225,28 +1003,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "winapi"
-version = "0.3.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5c839a674fcd7a98952e593242ea400abe93992746761e38641405d28b00f419"
-dependencies = [
- "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu",
- "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu"
-version = "0.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ac3b87c63620426dd9b991e5ce0329eff545bccbbb34f3be09ff6fb6ab51b7b6"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu"
-version = "0.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-link"
 version = "0.2.1"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index dec668a..39d9afc 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ windows_process_extensions_main_thread_handle = []
 colored = "3.1"
 # Newer versions regress ETA estimates: https://github.com/console-rs/indicatif/issues/580
 indicatif = "=0.17.4"
-statistical = "1.0"
 csv = "1.4"
 serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = "1.0"
diff --git a/src/benchmark/executor.rs b/src/benchmark/executor.rs
index b2d7974..59a622f 100644
--- a/src/benchmark/executor.rs
+++ b/src/benchmark/executor.rs
@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ use crate::options::{
 use crate::output::progress_bar::get_progress_bar;
 use crate::timer::execute_and_measure;
 use crate::util::randomized_environment_offset;
+use crate::util::statistics::mean;
 use crate::util::units::Second;
 
 use super::measurement::Measurement;
 
 use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
-use statistical::mean;
 
 pub enum BenchmarkIteration {
     NonBenchmarkRun,
diff --git a/src/benchmark/mod.rs b/src/benchmark/mod.rs
index 0bf0673..0ba58a6 100644
--- a/src/benchmark/mod.rs
+++ b/src/benchmark/mod.rs
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ use crate::output::warnings::{OutlierWarningOptions, Warnings};
 use crate::parameter::ParameterNameAndValue;
 use crate::util::exit_code::extract_exit_code;
 use crate::util::min_max::{max, min};
+use crate::util::statistics::{mean, median, standard_deviation};
 use crate::util::units::Second;
 use benchmark_result::BenchmarkResult;
 use measurement::Measurement;
 
 use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
 use colored::*;
-use statistical::{mean, median, standard_deviation};
 
 use self::executor::Executor;
 
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ impl<'a> Benchmark<'a> {
         let t_num = times_real.len();
         let t_mean = mean(&times_real);
         let t_stddev = if times_real.len() > 1 {
-            Some(standard_deviation(&times_real, Some(t_mean)))
+            Some(standard_deviation(&times_real, t_mean))
         } else {
             None
         };
diff --git a/src/outlier_detection.rs b/src/outlier_detection.rs
index 270e522..c4c3a24 100644
--- a/src/outlier_detection.rs
+++ b/src/outlier_detection.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 //!   The ASQC Basic References in Quality Control: Statistical Techniques, Edward F. Mykytka,
 //!   Ph.D., Editor.
 
-use statistical::median;
+use crate::util::statistics::median;
 
 /// Minimum modified Z-score for a datapoint to be an outlier. Here, 1.4826 is a factor that
 /// converts the MAD to an estimator for the standard deviation. The second factor is the number
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index de9e168..8996214 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -2,4 +2,5 @@ pub mod exit_code;
 pub mod min_max;
 pub mod number;
 pub mod randomized_environment_offset;
+pub mod statistics;
 pub mod units;
diff --git a/src/util/statistics.rs b/src/util/statistics.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..676edbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/statistics.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+//! Statistics for non-empty samples of finite measurements.
+
+/// Arithmetic mean, summing measurements in their original order.
+pub fn mean(values: &[f64]) -> f64 {
+    values.iter().fold(0.0, |sum, value| sum + value) / values.len() as f64
+}
+
+/// Median without modifying the input sample.
+pub fn median(values: &[f64]) -> f64 {
+    assert!(
+        !values.is_empty(),
+        "median requires at least one measurement"
+    );
+    let mut sorted = values.to_vec();
+    sorted.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| a.partial_cmp(b).expect("No NaN measurements"));
+
+    let mid = sorted.len() / 2;
+    if sorted.len() % 2 == 1 {
+        sorted[mid]
+    } else {
+        (sorted[mid] + sorted[mid - 1]) / 2.0
+    }
+}
+
+/// Sample standard deviation, using an already computed mean.
+pub fn standard_deviation(values: &[f64], mean: f64) -> f64 {
+    assert!(
+        values.len() > 1,
+        "standard deviation requires at least two measurements"
+    );
+    let sum = values
+        .iter()
+        .map(|value| (value - mean) * (value - mean))
+        .fold(0.0, |sum, deviation| sum + deviation);
+    assert!(sum >= 0.0, "invalid sum of squared deviations");
+
+    // Preserve the operation order of statistical 1.0: dividing by n - 1
+    // before taking the square root also preserves exported floating-point values.
+    (sum / (values.len() as f64 - 1.0)).sqrt()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn mean_preserves_summation_order() {
+        assert_eq!(mean(&[1.0]), 1.0);
+        assert_eq!(mean(&[1.0, 2.0, 6.0]), 3.0);
+        assert_eq!(mean(&[1e16, 1.0, -1e16]), 0.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn median_handles_odd_even_and_repeated_values() {
+        assert_eq!(median(&[7.0]), 7.0);
+        assert_eq!(median(&[6.0, 1.0, 2.0]), 2.0);
+        assert_eq!(median(&[6.0, 1.0, 3.0, 2.0]), 2.5);
+        assert_eq!(median(&[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]), 0.0);
+        assert_eq!(median(&[-3.0, -1.0, -2.0]), -2.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn median_preserves_input_order() {
+        let values = [3.0, 1.0, 2.0];
+        assert_eq!(median(&values), 2.0);
+        assert_eq!(values, [3.0, 1.0, 2.0]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic(expected = "median requires at least one measurement")]
+    fn median_rejects_empty_samples() {
+        median(&[]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn standard_deviation_uses_sample_variance() {
+        assert_eq!(standard_deviation(&[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], 2.0), 1.0);
+        assert_eq!(standard_deviation(&[0.0, 0.0], 0.0), 0.0);
+        assert_eq!(standard_deviation(&[7.0, 7.0, 7.0], 7.0), 0.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn matches_statistical_1_0_floating_point_results() {
+        // Recorded from statistical 1.0.0, including small durations and
+        // small differences between large values. Compare bits to catch
+        // changes that would affect the full precision JSON/CSV exports.
+        let cases: &[(&[f64], u64, u64, u64)] = &[
+            (
+                &[0.09, 0.10, 0.14],
+                0x3fbc28f5c28f5c29,
+                0x3fb999999999999a,
+                0x3f9b17ada62cc3bd,
+            ),
+            (
+                &[0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4],
+                0x3fd0000000000000,
+                0x3fd0000000000000,
+                0x3fc08654a2d4f6da,
+            ),
+            (
+                &[1e-9, 2e-9, 3e-9, 9e-9],
+                0x3e301b2b29a4692c,
+                0x3e25798ee2308c3a,
+                0x3e2edf3cdee63e61,
+            ),
+            (
+                &[1e12 + 0.001, 1e12 + 0.002, 1e12 + 0.003],
+                0x426d1a94a2000010,
+                0x426d1a94a2000010,
+                0x3f510785dd689a29,
+            ),
+        ];
+
+        for &(values, mean_bits, median_bits, stddev_bits) in cases {
+            let mean = mean(values);
+            assert_eq!(mean.to_bits(), mean_bits);
+            assert_eq!(median(values).to_bits(), median_bits);
+            assert_eq!(standard_deviation(values, mean).to_bits(), stddev_bits);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic(expected = "standard deviation requires at least two measurements")]
+    fn standard_deviation_rejects_single_measurements() {
+        standard_deviation(&[1.0], 1.0);
+    }
+}

From 694057829ba17b59ddad5b518216551d7f384649 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Peter <sharkdp@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 5 Oct 2026 09:54:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 3/4] Keep the original statistics tests from #790

---
 src/util/statistics.rs | 92 +++++++++---------------------------------
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/util/statistics.rs b/src/util/statistics.rs
index 676edbc..185233b 100644
--- a/src/util/statistics.rs
+++ b/src/util/statistics.rs
@@ -42,86 +42,32 @@ pub fn standard_deviation(values: &[f64], mean: f64) -> f64 {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use approx::assert_relative_eq;
 
     #[test]
-    fn mean_preserves_summation_order() {
-        assert_eq!(mean(&[1.0]), 1.0);
-        assert_eq!(mean(&[1.0, 2.0, 6.0]), 3.0);
-        assert_eq!(mean(&[1e16, 1.0, -1e16]), 0.0);
+    fn test_mean() {
+        assert_eq!(1.0, mean(&[1.0]));
+        assert_relative_eq!(2.0, mean(&[1.0, 3.0]));
+
+        let values = [0.1, 0.2, 0.6];
+        assert_relative_eq!(mean(&values), 0.3);
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn median_handles_odd_even_and_repeated_values() {
-        assert_eq!(median(&[7.0]), 7.0);
-        assert_eq!(median(&[6.0, 1.0, 2.0]), 2.0);
-        assert_eq!(median(&[6.0, 1.0, 3.0, 2.0]), 2.5);
-        assert_eq!(median(&[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]), 0.0);
-        assert_eq!(median(&[-3.0, -1.0, -2.0]), -2.0);
+    fn test_median() {
+        assert_eq!(1.0, median(&[1.0]));
+        assert_relative_eq!(2.0, median(&[1.0, 3.0]));
+
+        let values = [0.1, 0.2, 0.6];
+        assert_relative_eq!(median(&values), 0.2);
+
+        let values = [0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.6];
+        assert_relative_eq!(median(&values), 0.25);
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn median_preserves_input_order() {
-        let values = [3.0, 1.0, 2.0];
-        assert_eq!(median(&values), 2.0);
-        assert_eq!(values, [3.0, 1.0, 2.0]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    #[should_panic(expected = "median requires at least one measurement")]
-    fn median_rejects_empty_samples() {
-        median(&[]);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn standard_deviation_uses_sample_variance() {
-        assert_eq!(standard_deviation(&[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], 2.0), 1.0);
-        assert_eq!(standard_deviation(&[0.0, 0.0], 0.0), 0.0);
-        assert_eq!(standard_deviation(&[7.0, 7.0, 7.0], 7.0), 0.0);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn matches_statistical_1_0_floating_point_results() {
-        // Recorded from statistical 1.0.0, including small durations and
-        // small differences between large values. Compare bits to catch
-        // changes that would affect the full precision JSON/CSV exports.
-        let cases: &[(&[f64], u64, u64, u64)] = &[
-            (
-                &[0.09, 0.10, 0.14],
-                0x3fbc28f5c28f5c29,
-                0x3fb999999999999a,
-                0x3f9b17ada62cc3bd,
-            ),
-            (
-                &[0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4],
-                0x3fd0000000000000,
-                0x3fd0000000000000,
-                0x3fc08654a2d4f6da,
-            ),
-            (
-                &[1e-9, 2e-9, 3e-9, 9e-9],
-                0x3e301b2b29a4692c,
-                0x3e25798ee2308c3a,
-                0x3e2edf3cdee63e61,
-            ),
-            (
-                &[1e12 + 0.001, 1e12 + 0.002, 1e12 + 0.003],
-                0x426d1a94a2000010,
-                0x426d1a94a2000010,
-                0x3f510785dd689a29,
-            ),
-        ];
-
-        for &(values, mean_bits, median_bits, stddev_bits) in cases {
-            let mean = mean(values);
-            assert_eq!(mean.to_bits(), mean_bits);
-            assert_eq!(median(values).to_bits(), median_bits);
-            assert_eq!(standard_deviation(values, mean).to_bits(), stddev_bits);
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    #[should_panic(expected = "standard deviation requires at least two measurements")]
-    fn standard_deviation_rejects_single_measurements() {
-        standard_deviation(&[1.0], 1.0);
+    fn test_standard_deviation() {
+        let values = [0.1, 0.2, 0.3];
+        assert_relative_eq!(standard_deviation(&values, mean(&values)), 0.1);
     }
 }

From 305e89d5368a9d17672bdb5a0d0010648c7ac303 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: David Peter <sharkdp@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 5 Oct 2026 10:00:07 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 4/4] Consolidate min and max in the statistics module

---
 src/benchmark/mod.rs   |  7 +++----
 src/util/min_max.rs    | 28 ----------------------------
 src/util/mod.rs        |  1 -
 src/util/statistics.rs | 40 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/util/min_max.rs

diff --git a/src/benchmark/mod.rs b/src/benchmark/mod.rs
index 0ba58a6..fd59224 100644
--- a/src/benchmark/mod.rs
+++ b/src/benchmark/mod.rs
@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ use crate::output::progress_bar::get_progress_bar;
 use crate::output::warnings::{OutlierWarningOptions, Warnings};
 use crate::parameter::ParameterNameAndValue;
 use crate::util::exit_code::extract_exit_code;
-use crate::util::min_max::{max, min};
-use crate::util::statistics::{mean, median, standard_deviation};
+use crate::util::statistics::{max, mean, median, min, standard_deviation};
 use crate::util::units::Second;
 use benchmark_result::BenchmarkResult;
 use measurement::Measurement;
@@ -344,8 +343,8 @@ impl<'a> Benchmark<'a> {
             None
         };
         let t_median = median(&times_real);
-        let t_min = min(&times_real);
-        let t_max = max(&times_real);
+        let t_min = min(times_real.iter().copied());
+        let t_max = max(times_real.iter().copied());
 
         let user_mean = mean(&times_user);
         let system_mean = mean(&times_system);
diff --git a/src/util/min_max.rs b/src/util/min_max.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d4ee07e..0000000
--- a/src/util/min_max.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-/// A max function for f64's without NaNs
-pub fn max(vals: &[f64]) -> f64 {
-    *vals
-        .iter()
-        .max_by(|a, b| a.partial_cmp(b).unwrap())
-        .unwrap()
-}
-
-/// A min function for f64's without NaNs
-pub fn min(vals: &[f64]) -> f64 {
-    *vals
-        .iter()
-        .min_by(|a, b| a.partial_cmp(b).unwrap())
-        .unwrap()
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_max() {
-    let assert_float_eq = |a: f64, b: f64| {
-        assert!((a - b).abs() < f64::EPSILON);
-    };
-
-    assert_float_eq(1.0, max(&[1.0]));
-    assert_float_eq(-1.0, max(&[-1.0]));
-    assert_float_eq(-1.0, max(&[-2.0, -1.0]));
-    assert_float_eq(1.0, max(&[-1.0, 1.0]));
-    assert_float_eq(1.0, max(&[-1.0, 1.0, 0.0]));
-}
diff --git a/src/util/mod.rs b/src/util/mod.rs
index 8996214..e5cdaba 100644
--- a/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 pub mod exit_code;
-pub mod min_max;
 pub mod number;
 pub mod randomized_environment_offset;
 pub mod statistics;
diff --git a/src/util/statistics.rs b/src/util/statistics.rs
index 185233b..1099caa 100644
--- a/src/util/statistics.rs
+++ b/src/util/statistics.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,21 @@
 //! Statistics for non-empty samples of finite measurements.
 
+/// A min function that assumes no NaNs and at least one element
+pub fn min<Q: PartialOrd>(values: impl IntoIterator<Item = Q>) -> Q {
+    values
+        .into_iter()
+        .min_by(|a, b| a.partial_cmp(b).expect("No NaN values"))
+        .expect("'min' requires at least one element")
+}
+
+/// A max function that assumes no NaNs and at least one element
+pub fn max<Q: PartialOrd>(values: impl IntoIterator<Item = Q>) -> Q {
+    values
+        .into_iter()
+        .max_by(|a, b| a.partial_cmp(b).expect("No NaN values"))
+        .expect("'max' requires at least one element")
+}
+
 /// Arithmetic mean, summing measurements in their original order.
 pub fn mean(values: &[f64]) -> f64 {
     values.iter().fold(0.0, |sum, value| sum + value) / values.len() as f64
@@ -44,6 +60,30 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use approx::assert_relative_eq;
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_min() {
+        assert_eq!(1.0, min([1.0]));
+        assert_eq!(-1.0, min([-1.0]));
+        assert_eq!(-2.0, min([-2.0, -1.0]));
+        assert_eq!(-1.0, min([-1.0, 1.0]));
+        assert_eq!(-1.0, min([1.0, -1.0, 0.0]));
+
+        let values = vec![1024.0, 2.0, 3.0];
+        assert_eq!(*min(&values), 2.0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_max() {
+        assert_eq!(1.0, max([1.0]));
+        assert_eq!(-1.0, max([-1.0]));
+        assert_eq!(-1.0, max([-2.0, -1.0]));
+        assert_eq!(1.0, max([-1.0, 1.0]));
+        assert_eq!(1.0, max([-1.0, 1.0, 0.0]));
+
+        let values = vec![1.0, 2048.0, 3.0];
+        assert_eq!(*max(&values), 2048.0);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_mean() {
         assert_eq!(1.0, mean(&[1.0]));